Perioperative hypertension

The effects of hypertension on perioperative outcomes are still unclear. No specific systolic or diastolic blood pressure measurement has been determined as the cutoff value to continue with a surgical plan or adjourn. This study is designed as a narrative review of the available scientific evidence on the perioperative management of hypertension. A search was conducted in Pubmed considering the title and abstract; 120 articles were pre-selected of which 55 papers were selected for full-text eligibility and 16 were excluded for a total of 39 articles including ACCF/AHA 2009 and ACC/AHA 2014 on perioperative cardiovascular care; 2013 ESH/ESC, 8 JNC, and the 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC Guideline for the Prevention, detection, and management of hypertension in adults. Blood pressure values, target organ damage, and type of surgery should be considered for decision-making in the perioperative period. If surgery is elective, blood pressure fluctuations should be avoided and potential causes should be treated. A patient with mild hypertension with values below SBP 160 and DBP 110 mmHg may be managed in the ambulatory setting during the postoperative period, as long as the clinical conditions are favorable.

Los efectos de la hipertensión sobre los desenlaces durante el periodo perioperatorio aún no han quedado claramente establecidos. No se ha determinado una medición específica para la presión sistólica ni diastólica como punto de corte para continuar con el plan quirúrgico o suspenderlo. El presente estudio está diseñado a manera de revisión narrativa de la evidencia científica disponible sobre el manejo perioperatorio de la hipertensión. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda en Pubmed, considerando el título y el resumen; se preseleccionaron 120 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 55 para elegibilidad en texto completo y 16 se excluyeron, quedando un total de 39 artículos, incluyendo ACCF/AHA 2009 y ACC/AHA 2014 sobre el cuidado cardiovascular perioperatorio; 2013 ESH/ESC, 8 JNC, y la Guía del 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC para la prevención, detección y manejo de la hipertensión en adultos. Se deben considerar los valores de la presión arterial, el daño a órgano diana y el tipo de cirugía para la toma de decisiones en el periodo perioperatorio. Si la cirugía es electiva, deben evitarse las fluctuaciones en la presión arterial y tratar activamente cualquiera de las causas potenciales. Un paciente con hipertensión leve, con valores por debajo de PAS 160 y PAD 110 mmHg puede manejarse de manera ambulatoria durante el período postoperatorio, siempre y cuando las condiciones clínicas sean favorables.

Perioperative care for major elective surgery: a survey of Brazilian physiotherapists / Cuidados perioperados de cirurgias eletivas de grande porte: um levantamento dos fisioterapeutas brasileiros

Abstract Introduction: Major surgeries are highly complex procedures and have a higher incidence of respiratory morbidity and mortality compared to other types of surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) are common after such surgeries and are associated with increased hospital stay, health care costs and surgical patient mortality. Objective: To investigate the most commonly used physical therapy techniques for the prevention and treatment of PPC among thoracic and abdominal surgery patients in all regions of Brazil. Methods: A total of 489 randomly selected physiotherapists who provided perioperative care for patients undergoing elective abdominal, thoracic or cardiac surgeries participated in this study. A questionnaire with nine questions about routine care and therapeutic choices for the surgical population was developed and assessed by 10 specialists before being administered to the physiotherapists. Results: Among the physiotherapists (63% with at least 5 years of experience with surgical patients), 50.9% considered the patient's surgical risk in their treatment either always or often. A total of 53.8% patients were treated by the physiotherapist following a physician's prescription. The most mentioned physical therapy techniques used to prevent PPC were postoperative mobilization/exercises (59.3%), postoperative lung expansion (52.8%), and preoperative advice (50.7%). In addition, 80.6% of the physiotherapists believe that incentive spirometry prevents PPC, while 72.8% expected this effect from positive airway pressure devices. Conclusion: Most physiotherapists in Brazil who work with surgical patients offer preoperative professional advice, use postoperative early mobilization and lung expansion techniques to prevent PPC, and consider the patient's surgical risk during treatment. In addition, some physical therapy sessions are routinely performed preoperatively.

Resumo Introdução: As cirurgias de grande porte são procedimentos de alta complexidade, apresentando maior incidência de morbi-mortalidade respiratória em comparação com outros tipos de cirurgia. Complicações pulmonares pós-operatórias (CPP) são comuns após tais cirurgias e estão associadas ao aumento da permanência hospitalar, dos custos com saúde e da mortalidade do paciente. Objetivo: Investigar as técnicas de fisioterapia mais utilizadas em todas as regiões do Brasil para o tratamento das CPP após cirurgias torácicas e abdominais. Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 489 fisioterapeutas selecionados aleatoriamente, que atuam na assistência perioperatória de cirurgias eletivas abdominais, torácicas ou cardíacas. Um questionário com nove questões sobre cuidados de rotina e escolhas terapêuticas na população cirúrgica foi elaborado e avaliado por 10 especialistas antes de ser aplicado aos fisioterapeutas. Resultados: Entre os fisioterapeutas (63% com pelo menos 5 anos de experiência com pacientes cirúrgicos), 50,9% considera o risco cirúrgico do paciente em seu tratamento sempre ou frequentemente; 53,8% dos pacientes foram tratados pelo fisioterapeuta após prescrição médica. As técnicas fisioterapêuticas mais citadas para a prevenção de CPP foram: mobilização/exercícios pós-operatórios (59,3%), técnicas de expansão pulmonar pós-operatória (52,8%) e orientações pré-operatórias (50,7%). Além disso, 80,6% dos fisioterapeutas acreditam que a espirometria de incentivo previne CPP, assim como 72,8% esperam esse efeito da pressão positiva nas vias aéreas. Conclusão: A maioria dos fisioterapeutas que trabalham com pacientes cirúrgicos no Brasil utiliza orientações profissionais pré-operatórias e técnicas de mobilização precoce e expansão pulmonar pós-operatória com o objetivo de prevenir CPP. A maioria dos fisioterapeutas costuma considerar o risco cirúrgico do paciente durante o tratamento. Além disso, algumas sessões de fisioterapia são realizadas rotineiramente no pré-operatório.

Effectiveness and safety of the enhanced recovery program in colorectal surgery: overview of systematic reviews / Efectividad y seguridad del programa multimodal perioperatorio en cirugía colorrectal: Revisión sistemática de revisiones

Abstract Introduction Multimodal enhanced recovery programs are a new paradigm in perioperative care. Objective To evaluate the certainty of evidence pertaining to the effectiveness and safety of the multimodal perioperative care program in elective colorectal surgery. Data source: A search was conducted in the Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, up until February 2020. Eligibility criteria Systematic reviews that take into account the perioperative multimodal program in patients with an indication for colorectal surgery were included. The primary outcomes were morbidity and postoperative deaths. The secondary outcome was hospital length of stay. Study quality and synthesis method The reviews were evaluated with AMSTAR-2 and the certainty of the evidence with the GRADE methodology. The findings are presented with measures of frequency, risk estimators, or differences. Results Six systematic reviews of clinical trials with medium and high quality in AMSTAR-2 were included. Morbidity was reduced between 16 and 48%. Studies are inconclusive regarding postoperative mortality. Hospital length of stay was reduced by an average of 2.5 days (p <0.05). The certainty of the body of evidence is very low. Limitations The effect of the program, depending on the combination of elements, is not clear. Conclusions and implications Despite the proven evidence that the program is effective in reducing global postoperative morbidity and hospital stay, the body of evidence is of very low quality. Consequently, results may change with new evidence and further research is required.

Resumen Introducción Los programas multimodales de cuidado perioperatorio son nuevos paradigmas de atención en salud, particularmente en el paciente quirúrgico. Objetivo Evaluar la certeza en la evidencia de la efectividad y seguridad del programa multimodal perioperatorio en cirugía colorrectal electiva. Fuente de datos Se consultaron las bases de datos Medline, EMBASE y Cochrane hasta febrero de 2020. Criterios de elegibilidad Se incluyeron revisiones sistemáticas que consideraron como intervención el programa multimodal perioperatorio en pacientes con indicación de cirugía colorrectal. Los desenlaces primarios fueron morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatoria. El desenlace secundario fue estancia hospitalaria. Evaluación de los estudios y método de síntesis La calidad de las revisiones fue evaluada con AMSTAR-2 y la certeza de la evidencia con la metodología GRADE. Los hallazgos se presentan con medidas de frecuencia, estimadores de riesgo o diferencias. Resultados Se incluyeron seis revisiones sistemáticas de ensayos clínicos de media y alta calidad en AMSTAR-2. La morbilidad se redujo entre el 16 y el 48 %. Para la mortalidad postoperatoria no se reportan diferencias a favor del programa. La estancia hospitalaria se redujo en promedio 2,5 días (p < 0,05). La certeza del cuerpo de la evidencia es muy baja. Limitaciones El efecto del programa en función de combinación de elementos no es claro. Conclusiones e implicaciones A pesar de que la evidencia sugiere que el programa es efectivo en la reducción de morbilidad postoperatoria global y estancia hospitalaria, el cuerpo de la evidencia es de muy baja calidad, por lo que los resultados podrían cambiar con nueva evidencia. Se requieren nuevas investigaciones.

Consideraciones en pacientes con dolor crónico sometidos a cirugía / Considerations in chronic pain patients that will undergo surgery

Resumen El dolor crónico es una condición cada vez más prevalente, que afecta aproximadamente a un 32% de la población nacional. Estos pacientes poseen características particulares que complejizan un óptimo cuidado perioperatorio, sobre todo en términos de analgesia, efectos adversos de los distintos fármacos y complicaciones postquirúrgicas. El objetivo de esta revisión es exponer el creciente problema que involucra el manejo de los pacientes con dolor crónico no oncológico sometidos a una cirugía, y destacar algunas consideraciones que se deben tener en su cuidado. Dentro de los aspectos más relevantes están una adecuada caracterización del dolor y un buen esquema analgésico a ser utilizado en el perioperatorio, prefiriendo un enfoque multimodal ajustado acorde a las necesidades del paciente. Se debe tener especial consideración en pacientes usuarios crónicos de opioides, aquellos con dolor neuropático y aquellos con fibromialgia. Un adecuado seguimiento de estos grupos permitirá ajustar los esquemas de acuerdo con sus necesidades y lograr un mejor manejo analgésico perioperatorio.

Chronic pain is an increasingly prevalent condition, estimated in approximately 32% of the Chilean population. These patients have characteristics that make optimal perioperative care more complex, especially in terms of analgesia, adverse effects of the different drugs, and post-surgical complications. The aim of this publication is to expose the growing problem involved in the management of patients with chronic pain undergoing surgery, and to highlight some considerations that must be taken. Among the most relevant aspects are an adequate characterization of pain and a good analgesic scheme to be used in the perioperative period, preferring a multimodal analgesia approach adjusted according to the patient's needs. Special consideration should be given to patients with chronic opioids use, those with neuropathic pain and those with fibromyalgia. An adequate follow-up of these groups will allow adjusting the schemes according to their needs and achieve a better perioperative analgesic management.

Perioperative central venous oxygen saturation and its correlation with mortality during cardiac surgery: an observational prospective study / Correlação entre saturação venosa central de oxigênio perioperatória e mortalidade em cirurgia cardíaca: estudo prospectivo observacional

Abstract Background: Cardiac surgery can produce persistent deficit in the ratio of Oxygen Delivery (DO2) to Oxygen Consumption (VO2). Central venous oxygen Saturation (ScvO2) is an accessible and indirect measure of DO2/VO2 ratio. Objective: To monitor perioperative ScvO2 and assess its correlation with mortality during cardiac surgery. Methods: This prospective observational study evaluated 273 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Blood gas samples were collected to measure ScvO2 at three time points: T0 (after anesthetic induction), T1 (end of surgery), and T2 (24 hours after surgery). The patients were divided into two groups (survivors and nonsurvivors). The following outcomes were analyzed: intrahospital mortality, length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and hospital stay (LOS), and variation in ScvO2. Results: Of the 273 patients, 251 (92%) survived and 22 (8%) did not. There was a significant perioperative reduction of ScvO2 in both survivors (T0 = 78% ± 8.1%, T1 = 75.4% ± 7.5%, and T2 = 68.5% ± 9%; p< 0.001) and nonsurvivors (T0 = 74.4% ± 8.7%, T1 = 75.4% ± 7.7%, and T2 = 66.7% ± 13.1%; p < 0.001). At T0, the percentage of patients with ScvO2< 70% was greater in the nonsurvivor group (31.8% vs. 13.1%; p= 0.046) and the multiple logistic regression showed that ScvO2 is an independent risk factor associated with death, OR = 2.94 (95% CI 1.10−7.89) (p= 0.032). The length of ICU and LOS were 3.6 ± 3.1 and 7.4 ± 6.0 days respectively and was not significantly associated with ScvO2. Conclusions: Early intraoperative ScvO2 < 70% indicated a higher risk of death. A perioperative reduction of ScvO2 was observed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, with high intraoperative and lower postoperative levels.

Resumo Justificativa: A cirurgia cardíaca pode produzir déficit persistente na razão entre oferta de oxigênio (DO2) e consumo de oxigênio (VO2). A Saturação venosa central de Oxigênio (SvcO2) é uma medida acessível e indireta da razão DO2/VO2. Objetivo: Monitorar a SvcO2 perioperatória e avaliar sua correlação com a mortalidade em cirurgia cardíaca. Método: Este estudo observacional prospectivo avaliou 273 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca. Coletamos amostras de sangue para medir a SvcO2 em três momentos: T0 (após indução anestésica), T1 (final da cirurgia) e T2 (24 horas após a cirurgia). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (sobreviventes e não sobreviventes). Os seguintes desfechos foram analisados: mortalidade intra-hospitalar, tempo de permanência na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e de internação hospitalar, e variação na SvcO2. Resultados: Dos 273 pacientes, 251 (92%) sobreviveram e 22 (8%) não. Houve queda significante da SvcO2 perioperatória nos sobreviventes (T0 = 78% ± 8,1%, T1 = 75,4% ± 7,5% e T2 = 68,5% ± 9%; p< 0,001) e nos não sobreviventes (T0 = 74,4% ± 8,7%, T1 = 75,4% ± 7,7% e T2 = 66,7% ± 13,1%; p< 0,001). No T0, a porcentagem de pacientes com SvcO2< 70% foi maior no grupo não sobrevivente (31,8% vs. 13,1%; p = 0,046) e a regressão logística múltipla mostrou que a SvcO2 é um fator de risco independente associado ao óbito, OR = 2,94 (95% IC 1,10 − 7,89) (p = 0,032). O tempo de permanência na UTI e de hospitalização foi de 3,6 ± 3,1 e 7,4 ± 6,0 dias, respectivamente, e não foi significantemente associado à SvcO2. Conclusões: Valores precoces de SvcO2 intraoperatória < 70% indicaram maior risco de óbito em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Observamos redução perioperatória da SvcO2, com altos níveis no intraoperatório e mais baixos no pós-operatório.

Índice de colapsabilidad de la vena cava inferior como predictor de hipotensión intraoperatoria / Inferior vena cava collapsibility index of the as a predictor of intraoperative hypotension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the lower vena cava Collapse Index (CI) as a predictor parameter of hypotensive episodes after general anesthesia induction in ASA I and II patients who were scheduled for elective surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, observational and simple blind study was designed. A sample of 80 patients was recruited. In the preoperative stage, they underwent protocolarized sedation and CI was obtained. Prior to induction, the baseline values ​​of heart rate, non-invasive mean arterial pressure and continuous electrocardiographic tracing in DII were noted. In the post-orotracheal intubation stage, the aforementioned hemodynamic monitoring variables were recorded manually for 10 minutes. RESULTS: The data of 78 individuals are presented. After anesthetic induction, 8 (10.3%) patients developed hypotension. The adjustment of the univariate logistic regression model for CI shows a good diagnostic capacity, with the area under the ROC curve equal to 0.76. The chance of presenting hypotension is increased by 62% by increasing the CI by 5 points (p = 0.003). Regarding the negative predictive value, we found that with values ​​corresponding to the cutoff points between 39% and 46%, a probability of at least 93.1% of not presenting hypotension was obtained. The optimal cutoff point of the CI to predict hypotension is estimated at 43%, with a sensitivity of 62.5% and a specificity of 92.9%. CONCLUSION: A lower IC was associated with a lower probability of developing intraoperative hypotension. The use of this tool could be useful to anticipate which patients will be prone to intra-surgical hypotension.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el índice de colapsabilidad (IC) de la vena cava inferior (VCI) como predictor de episodios hipotensivos posinducción de anestesia general en cirugía electiva de pacientes ASA I y II. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se diseñó un estudio prospectivo, observacional y simple ciego. Se reclutó una muestra de 80 pacientes. En etapa preoperatoria fueron sometidos a una sedación protocolizada y se obtuvo el IC. Previo a la inducción, se anotaron los valores basales de la frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial media y el trazado electrocardiográfico continuo en DII. Posintubación orotraqueal, se registraron manualmente las variables hemodinámicas mencionadas durante 10 minutos. RESULTADOS: Se presentan datos de 78 individuos. Luego de la inducción, 8 (10,3%) pacientes desarrollaron hipotensión. El ajuste del modelo de regresión logística univariado para IC muestra una buena capacidad diagnóstica, siendo el área bajo la curva ROC igual a 0,76. La chance de presentar hipotensión se incrementa en un 62% al aumentar el IC en 5 puntos (p = 0,003). En cuanto al valor predictivo negativo, encontramos que con valores correspondientes a los puntos de corte entre 39% y 46%, se obtenía una probabilidad de 93,1% de no presentar hipotensión. El punto de corte óptimo del IC para predecir hipotensión se estima en 43%, con una sensibilidad del 62,5% y una especificidad del 92,9%. CONCLUSIÓN: Un menor IC se asoció con una menor probabilidad de desarrollar hipotensión intraoperatoria. El uso de esta herramienta podría ser de utilidad para anticipar qué pacientes serán propensos a hipotensión intraquirúrgica.

Predictors of in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing elective surgery in a university hospital: a prospective cohort / Preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias não eletivas em um hospital universitário: uma coorte prospectiva

Abstract Introduction Morbidity and mortality associated with urgent or emergency surgeries are high compared to elective procedures. Perioperative risk scores identify the non-elective character as an independent factor of complications and death. The present study aims to characterize the population undergoing non-elective surgeries at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and identify the clinical and surgical factors associated with death within 30 days postoperatively. Methodology A prospective cohort study of 187 patients undergoing elective surgeries between April and May 2014 at the Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre. Patient-related data, pre-operative risk situations, and surgical information were evaluated. Death in 30 days was the primary outcome measured. Results The mean age of the sample was 48.5 years, and 84.4% of the subjects had comorbidities. The primary endpoint was observed in 14.4% of the cases, with exploratory laparotomy being the procedure with the highest mortality (47.7%). After multivariate logistic regression, age (odds ratio [OR] 1.0360, p < 0.05), anemia (OR 3.961, p < 0.05), acute or chronic renal insufficiency (OR 6.075, p < 0.05), sepsis (OR 7.027, p < 0.05), and patient-related risk factors for mortality, in addition to the large surgery category (OR 7.502, p < 0.05) were identified. Conclusion The high mortality rate found may reflect the high complexity of the institution's patients. Knowing the profile of the patients assisted helps in the definition of management priorities, suggesting the need to create specific care lines for groups identified as high risk in order to reduce perioperative complications and deaths.

Resumo Introdução Quando comparada a procedimentos eletivos, a morbimortalidade associada às cirurgias de urgência ou emergência é alta. Escores de risco perioperatório identificam o caráter não eletivo como fator independente de complicações e morte. O presente estudo objetiva caracterizar a população submetida a cirurgias não eletivas no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre e identificar fatores clínicos e cirúrgicos associados à morte em 30 dias no pós-operatório. Metodologia Coorte prospectiva de 187 pacientes submetidos a cirurgias não eletivas entre abril e maio de 2014 no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Avaliaram-se dados relacionados ao paciente, situações de risco pré-operatórias e informações do âmbito cirúrgico. Mensurou-se óbito em 30 dias como desfecho primário. Resultados A média de idade da amostra foi 48,5 anos; 84,4% dos indivíduos apresentavam comorbidades. O desfecho primário foi observado em 14,4% dos casos, laparotomia exploradora foi o procedimento com maior mortalidade (47,7%). Após regressão logística multivariada, identificaram-se idade (odds ratio [OR] 1.0360, p < 0,05), anemia (OR 3.961, p < 0,05), insuficiência renal aguda ou crônica agudizada (OR 6.075, p < 0,05) e sepse (OR 7.027, p < 0,05) como os fatores de risco relacionados ao paciente significativos para mortalidade, além da categoria cirurgia de grande porte (OR 7.502, p < 0,05). Conclusão A elevada taxa de mortalidade encontrada pode refletir a alta complexidade dos pacientes da instituição. O conhecimento do perfil dos pacientes atendidos auxilia na definição de prioridades de gerenciamento, sugere a necessidade de criação de linhas de cuidado específicas para grupos identificados como de alto risco, a fim de reduzir complicações e óbitos no perioperatório.

Seguridad en Anestesia. Un checklist entre los Anestesiólogos en Chile / Safety in Anesthesia. A checklist of Anesthesiologists in Chile

Aim: To describe the knowledge of the country's anesthesiologists about perioperative safety protocols in order to contribute information to the discussion of a general system for the registration and analysis of incidents as part of the implementation of the Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety in Chile. Materials and Methods: The information was obtained through 100 surveys sent anonymously to members of the Chilean Society of Anesthesiology, which were answered voluntarily. Results: 89 anesthesiologists responded to the survey. 30% are familiar with the Helsinki Declaration. The most established protocols in their clinical centers were infection control (78%), malignant hyperthermia (72%) and drug monitoring (70%). By contrast, the protocols for massive hemorrhage, local anesthetic toxicity and anaphylaxis are observed to a lesser degree. The inclusion of an annual report on mortality and morbidity was recorded in 35% and an annual report on measures taken and outcomes obtained in the improvement of patient safety was only 23%. Conclusions: A low level of knowledge of the Helsinki Declaration is found among the anesthesiologists of the SACH. Not all its protocols are widely implemented, which makes it necessary to develop a policy to assess the development and impact of this Declaration in Chile. It is urgent to strengthen a national registration system to correct behaviors and thus strengthen perioperative safety to the benefit of our patients.

Objetivo: Describir el conocimiento de los anestesiólogos del país acerca de los protocolos de seguridad perioperatorios, para aportar información en la discusión de un sistema general de registro y análisis de incidentes, en el marco de la implementación de la declaración de Helsinki sobre la seguridad del paciente en nuestro país. Material y Método: La información se obtuvo a través de 100 encuestas enviadas de anónimamente a miembros de la sociedad chilena de anestesiología, la que fue respondida de forma voluntaria. Resultados: Contestaron la encuesta 89 anestesiólogos. Un 30% conoce la Declaración de Helsinki. Los protocolos más establecidos en sus centros clínicos fueron el control de infecciones (78%) Hipertermia maligna (72%) y control de fármacos (70%). Al contrario, los protocolos de hemorragia masiva, intoxicación por anestésicos locales y anafilaxia se observan en menor porcentaje. La realización de un informe anual de mortalidad y morbilidad se consignó en un 35% y un reporte anual de medidas tomadas y de resultados obtenidos en la mejora de la seguridad del paciente fue de sólo un 23%. Conclusiones: Se observa un bajo nivel de conocimiento de la declaración de Helsinki entre los anestesiólogos de la SACH. No todos sus protocolos están ampliamente implementados, lo que se hace necesario desarrollar una política de evaluación del desarrollo e impacto de esta declaración en nuestro país. Es imperioso fortalecer un sistema nacional de registro para corregir conductas, y de esta forma fortalecer la seguridad en el perioperatorio en beneficio de nuestros pacientes.

Cuidado perioperatorio de pacientes portadores de dispositivos electrónicos cardíacos implantables / Perioperative care in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

Dado el creciente número de pacientes con dispositivos electrónicos cardíacos implantables (DECI), que incluyen marcapasos y/o cardiovertores-desfibriladores implantables, el manejo perioperatorio de aquellos que serán sometidos a cirugía requiere que el equipo quirúrgico esté familiarizado con estos dispositivos y sus implicancias, con la finalidad de disminuir los eventos adversos. Las guías clínicas actuales recomiendan un manejo multidisciplinario. Sin embargo, cuando estas condiciones no son posibles, tanto el equipo quirúrgico como anestésico deben ser capaces de proveer un manejo perioperatorio seguro y efectivo. Este debe ser individualizado a cada paciente, tipo de dispositivo y procedimiento quirúrgico al que será sometido, por lo que una única recomendación no es apropiada para todos los casos. En esta revisión se describen las principales recomendaciones para el manejo perioperatorio de pacientes usuarios de marcapasos y/o cardiovertores-desfibriladores implantables.

With the increased number of patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), which include pacemakers and/or implantable cardioverter- defibrillators, the perioperative management of those patients who will be undergoing surgery requires that surgical team to become familiar with these devices and their implications, in order to reduce the adverse outcomes. Current guidelines recommend a multidisciplinary approach of these patients. However, when these conditions are not feasible, both surgical and anesthesia team should be able to provide a safe and effective perioperative environment. This management should be individualized for each patient, type of device and surgical procedure; therefore a single recommendation is not appropriate for all cases. The main recommendations for the perioperative management of patients with pacemakers and/or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are described in this review.

Jejum inferior a oito horas em cirurgias de urgência e emergência versus complicações / Ayuno inferior a ocho horas en cirugías de urgencia y emergencia versus las complicaciones intra y posoperatorias / Fasting of less than eight hours in urgent and emergency surgeries versus complication

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a ocorrência de complicações intraoperatórias e pós-operatórias em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos de urgência e emergência entre janeiro e dezembro de 2012, com tempo de jejum inferior a oito horas. Método: conduziu-se um estudo quantitativo, tipo coorte retrospectivo, por meio da análise de prontuários médicos. Resultados: foram incluídos 181 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos com duração média de 59,4 minutos, destacando-se a cirurgia de correção de fraturas em 32% dos casos. Foram observadas complicações em 36 (19,9%) dos pacientes, destacando-se o vômito (47,2%); seguido de náuseas (16,7%); necessidade de transfusão sanguínea (13,9%); infecção do sítio cirúrgico (11,1%); e óbito (11,1%). O tempo médio de jejum foi de 133,5 minutos. O tempo de jejum não apresentou correlação estatisticamente significante com as complicações investigadas. Conclusão: as complicações intraoperatórias e pós-operatórias estiveram associadas às condições clínicas dos pacientes e não ao tempo de jejum.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar la ocurrencia de complicaciones intra y posoperatorias en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos de urgencia y emergencia, entre enero y diciembre de 2012, con tiempo de ayuno inferior a ocho horas. Método: estudio cuantitativo, de tipo corte retrospectivo, utilizando fichas médicas para análisis. Resultados: se incluyeron 181 fichas de pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos con promedio de duración de 59,4 minutos, el 32% de los casos fueron de cirugía de corrección de fracturas. Se observaron complicaciones en 36 pacientes (19,9%), destacando en primer lugar el vómito (47,2%); después las náuseas (16,7%); la necesidad de transfusión sanguínea (13,9%); la infección del centro quirúrgico (11,1%); y fallecimiento (11,1%). El promedio del tiempo de ayuno fue de 133,5 minutos. El promedio de ayuno no presentó correlación estadísticamente significativa con las complicaciones evaluadas. Conclusión: las complicaciones intra y posoperatorias no estuvieron asociadas al tiempo de ayuno de los pacientes, sino a las condiciones clínicas de ellos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the occurrence of intraoperative and postoperative complications in patients undergoing urgent and emergency surgical procedures between January and December 2012, with fasting time of less than 8 hours. Method: a quantitative study was conducted, of the retrospective cohort type, through the analysis of medical records. Results: we included 181 records of patients undergoing surgical procedures with average duration of 59.4 minutes. Fractures correction surgeries stood out, totalling 32% of cases. We observed complications in 36 patients (19.9%), vomiting being the most prevalent (47.2%); followed by nausea (16.7%); need for blood transfusion (13.9%); surgical site infection (11.1%); and death (11.1%). The average fasting time was 133.5 minutes. The fasting time showed no statistically significant correlation with the complications investigated. Conclusion: intraoperative and postoperative complications were associated with the clinical conditions of the patients and not with the fasting time.

Interacciones en el cuidado de enfermería al paciente en la etapa perioperatoria / Nursing care interactions with patient in perioperative period

El cuidado de enfermería se fundamenta en las interacciones que establecen el paciente y el equipo de enfermería en diferentes escenarios; en este caso, en el "período perioperatorio". Objetivo: describir las estrategias de acción/interacción entre el equipo de enfermería _ paciente, emergidas durante la investigación "Conviviendo con la ambivalencia en las interacciones de cuidado". Metodología: con herramientas de la teoría fundamentada se realizaron 47 entrevistas a 20 pacientes que habían sido intervenidos quirúrgicamente y a 27 integrantes del equipo de enfermería y una observación participante y no participante durante 7 meses, en dos hospitales de segundo nivel de atención en Medellín, Colombia. Resultados: las estrategias de acción e interacción que emergieron del esquema teórico fueron: Cumpliendo los rituales de enfermería relacionados con los procesos y procedimientos técnicos en el perioperatorio y Haciendo-me sentir como en casa: la tranquilidad, la confianza y la seguridad fueron objetivos permanentes del equipo de enfermería durante las interacciones con el paciente desde de la dimensión subjetiva del cuidado. Conclusiones: a través de la interacción los sentimientos cumplen una función particular e individual. Se precisan en el equipo de enfermería atributos como la sensibilidad humana, que busca respetar al otro como ser humano que tiene sentimientos y sensibilidad, y que junto con la charla y el humor buscan el bienestar y tranquilidad del paciente para hacerlo sentir como en casa(AU)

Nursing care is based on interactions that establish patient and nursing staff in different settings, in this case is "perioperative period". Objective: to describe action / interaction strategies between the nursing staff - patient that emerged in the investigation "Living with ambivalence care interactions" Methodology: using tools from grounded theory were conducted 47 interviews with patients and nursing staff and observation was made for 7 months. Results: strategies of action and interaction that emerged from theoretical framework were: Fulfilling nursing rituals related to technical processes and perioperative nursing procedures an make them feel at home: tranquility, confidence and security are permanent objectives of nursing team during interactions with patient through subjective dimension of care. Conclusion: through nursing rituals nursing staff _patient interactions living with the patient during perioperative period, feelings play a particular role and individual. There must be attributes in nursing team, as human sensibility that seeks to respect "the Other as a human being" who has feelings and sensitivity, and that along with talk and humor seek welfare and patient tranquility(AU)

Consideraciones anestésicas en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Consideraciones anestésicas en la enfermedad de Parkinson

La enfermedad de Parkinson es un trastorno neurológico degenerativo que causa alteraciones motoras, autonómicas, sistémicas y psiquiátricas, cuyo inicio suele ser después de los 60 años de edad. Los cambios fisiopatológicos que se desarrollan en la enfermedad de Parkinson, él incremento de la expectativa de vida de nuestra población y las posibles interacciones de los anestésicos con la terapia farmacológica dirigida al control de los síntomas del Parkinson, imponen situaciones especiales en el ámbito perioperatorio y justifican él conocimiento del tema para él anestesiólogo. El propósito de este manuscrito es revisar las características que hacen especial el manejo perioperatorio de este grupo de pacientes y resumir las opciones y recomendaciones descritas al respecto, enfocándonos en los procedimientos no neurológicos a los que suelen ser sometidos.

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative pathology that causes motor, autonomic, systemic and psychiatric alterations, which start usually after 60 years of age. The physiopathological changes that develop during this disease, the increasing Ufe expectancy of our population, and the possible interactions between anesthetics and pharmacological therapy used to manage Parkinson’s symptoms impose special situations in the perioperative scenario and justify the knowledge about this topic for the anesthesiologist. The aim of this manuscript is to review the characteristics that make the perioperative management of this group of patients special, and summarizes the options and recommendations described in the matter, with focus on the non-neurological procedures that they would normally be subject to.